Answer all multiple choice and other questions about biology

Question Description

A base is defined as a(n) _____ acceptor.

	a.	neutron
	b.	electron
	c.	proton
	d.	anion
	e.	cation

____ contain identical DNA sequences and are held together by ____ during mitosis.

	a.	Sister chromosomes; histone proteins
	b.	Daughter chromosomes; hydrogen bonding
	c.	Sister chromatids; cohesin proteins
	d.	Daughter chromosomes; ionic bonding
	e.	Sister chromatids; spindle fibers

____ organized on chromosomes carry the information that controls the functions of the cell.

	a.	Asters
	b.	Genes
	c.	Proteins
	d.	Histones
	e.	Nucleosomes

A bacterial chromosome consists of a:

	a.	linear or circular DNA molecule smaller than the cell.
	b.	circular DNA molecule smaller than the cell.
	c.	linear DNA molecule smaller than the cell.
	d.	circular DNA molecule many times larger than the cell.
	e.	linear DNA molecule many times larger than the cell

A basal body anchors what part of a cell?

	a.	flagellum
	b.	thylakoid
	c.	centriole
	d.	lysosome
	e.	ribosome

A cell in the G₂ phase:

	a.	has visibly distinct chromosomes.
	b.	lacks a visible nuclear membrane.
	c.	has twice the amount of DNA present in a telophase nucleus.
	d.	is in cytokinesis.
	e.	is in mitosis.

A cell is dividing by binary fission. What can you conclude?

	a.	The cell cycle is out of control.
	b.	The cyclin-Cdk complex is no longer phosphorylating enzymes.
	c.	The cell is prokaryotic.
	d.	Homologous chromosomes have already paired.
	e.	Mitosis has taken place without cytokinesis.

A chlorine atom has 17 protons and 18 neutrons. What is its atomic mass?

	a.	1 amu
	b.	17 amu
	c.	18 amu
	d.	35 amu
	e.	306 amu

A couple in which the woman is homozygous dominant for clotting ability and the man has hemophilia A will produce:

	a.	normal daughters and normal sons.
	b.	carrier daughters and affected sons.
	c.	carrier daughters and normal sons.
	d.	offspring of unknown genotype for this gene.
	e.	affected daughters and affected sons.

A disaccharide is composed of two monosaccharides joined by a(n) glycosidic linkage.
__________________

True

False

A fragile site:

	a.	is found only on the X chromosome.
	b.	occurs in only one of the sister chromatids.
	c.	is associated with cancerous cells.
	d.	is usually not inherited.
	e.	is the result of genomic imprinting.

A genetic counselor will know that the probability of having a child affected with a condition inherited as an autosomal recessive would be:

	a.	0.5 or 50% if both parents were heterozygous.
	b.	0.25 or 25% if both parents were heterozygous.
	c.	0.25 or 25% if both parents were homozygous normal.
	d.	0% if both parents were heterozygous.
	e.	0.5 or 50% if both parents were homozygous normal.

A glycoprotein destined for secretion from the cell would move through the Golgi complex which sequence?

	a.	trans face to medial region to cis face
	b.	medial face to trans face to cis face
	c.	trans face to cis face to medial region
	d.	cis face to trans face to medial region
	e.	cis face to medial region to trans face

A liquid with a pH of 7 is considered a(n) ____ solution.

	a.	acidic
	b.	basic
	c.	hydrochloric
	d.	neutral
	e.	hydrophilic

A pair of centrioles is found at the center of the microtubule-organizing center in plant cells.
__________________

True

False

A receptor on the cell surface usually has several domains. What is the function of the external domain?

	a.	It holds the receptor within the membrane.
	b.	It transmits the signal to the inside of the cell.
	c.	It attaches the receptor to the DNA.
	d.	It function is as an enzyme.
	e.	It is the docking site for a signaling molecule.

A salt is a compound in which the hydrogen ion of ____ is replaced by some other cation.

	a.	an acid
	b.	water
	c.	an anion
	d.	a hydroxide ion
	e.	a base

A single cell in a smoker’s lung has become cancerous. It doubles its DNA and divides much faster than a normal lung cell. The most likely change that would have caused this condition took place in the:

	a.	lysosome.
	b.	nucleolus.
	c.	nucleus.
	d.	microtubule.
	e.	mitochondria.

Amyloplasts are organelles that store:

	a.	protein.
	b.	starch.
	c.	fat.
	d.	DNA.
	e.	lipids

An advantage of chorionic villus sampling (compared with amniocentesis) is that:

	a.	chorionic villus sampling can be performed much earlier than amniocentesis.
	b.	chorionic villus sampling is much easier to perform than amniocentesis.
	c.	chorionic villus sampling is much less invasive than amniocentesis.
	d.	chorionic villus sampling detects a much wider range of genetic defects than does amniocentesis.
	e.	chorionic villus sampling is much less expensive than is amniocentesis.

An animal with a diploid number of 36 chromosomes will have ____ chromosomes in its gametes and ____ chromosomes in its somatic cells.

	a.	36; 36
	b.	36; 18
	c.	18; 18
	d.	18; 36
	e.	36; 72

An atom X contains 14 protons, 13 electrons, and 12 neutrons, and atom Y contains 14 protons, 14 electrons, and 12 neutrons. What can you conclude?

	a.	X and Y both have filled valence shells.
	b.	X and Y are isotopes of the same element.
	c.	Y is an ion but X is not.
	d.	X and Y are atoms of the same element.
	e.	X and Y are both ions.

An atom having a filled valence shell is stable and unreactive.
__________________

True

False

Aneuploidies describe:

	a.	a phenomenon that only occurs in plants.
	b.	an uncommon condition in humans.
	c.	mutations that almost always have a beneficial effect on an individual.
	d.	a condition in which an extra chromosome is present or one is absent.
	e.	a defect that is always fatal in humans.

As a result of testing an experimental drip on a vertebrate cell, you notice that the cell cortex becomes more fluid, and although the cell remains strong, it loses its ability to move. Based on this evidence, you correctly conclude that the drug most directly affected:

	a.	intermediate filaments.
	b.	actin filaments.
	c.	α-tubulin.
	d.	β-tubulin.
	e.	myosin

As water boils and turns to steam, what happens to the hydrogen bonds?

	a.	The hydrogen bonds become stronger.
	b.	The hydrogen bonds generate additional bonds.
	c.	The hydrogen bonds break.
	d.	The hydrogen bonds continually break and join together again.
	e.	The hydrogen bonds form a crystalline lattice structure.

At what temperature is water most dense?

	a.	4 degrees Celsius
	b.	1 degree Celsius
	c.	100 degrees Celsius
	d.	10 degrees Celsius
	e.	0 degrees Celsius

Autosomal aneuploidies arise by:

	a.	chromosome breakage and rejoining.
	b.	meiotic nondisjunction.
	c.	errors in crossing-over.
	d.	mistakes in chromosome replication.
	e.	mitotic nondisjunction.

Autosomal monosomy is not seen in live births because:

	a.	its effects are so small as to be overlooked.
	b.	its effects do not set in until adulthood.
	c.	its effects are so lethal as to cause spontaneous abortion early in pregnancy.
	d.	it only occurs in sex chromosomes and therefore does affect nonreproductive function.
	e.	the births lead to the establishment of a clone of abnormal cells

Carotenoids are composed of isoprene subunits.
__________________

True

False

Chromosomes are duplicated during the ____ of the cell cycle.

	a.	prophase
	b.	G₁ phase
	c.	S phase
	d.	G₂ phase
	e.	metaphase

Colchicine is a drug that:

	a.	prevents DNA replication.
	b.	prevents cells from entering prophase.
	c.	stimulates meiosis.
	d.	arrests cells in mitotic metaphase.
	e.	arrests cells in mitotic telophase

Cri du chat syndrome arises from:

	a.	deletion of part of chromosome 5.
	b.	nondisjunction.
	c.	a 14/21 reciprocal translocation.
	d.	trisomy for chromosome 5.
	e.	a duplication of part of chromosome 15.

Cytokinesis in animal cells involves contraction of a ring of ____ microfilaments.

	a.	cyclin plus myosin
	b.	cyclin plus actin
	c.	actin plus myosin
	d.	cohesin plus actin
	e.	tubulin plus actin

Describe how amniocentesis is used in the prenatal diagnosis of human genetic abnormalities. Then compare and contrast the benefits and risks associated with amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling.

Down syndrome is an example of a ____ condition.

	a.	disomic
	b.	trisomic
	c.	monosomic
	d.	polyploid
	e.	transgenic

Down syndrome is characterized by:

	a.	single base mutations.
	b.	increasing risk with younger maternal age.
	c.	the presence of an extra chromosome 18 in each somatic cell
	d.	the same symptoms observed in each individual.
	e.	the presence of 47 chromosomes per somatic cell.

During an infection, white blood cells travel to the infected site and phagocytize the pathogens. After phagocytosis, primary lysosomes fuse with the phagocytic vesicle to form a larger vesicle called a secondary lysosome. The purpose for this process is to:

	a.	degrade the bacteria and export it from the cell.
	b.	wrap the pathogen in additional membrane, rendering them harmless.
	c.	introduce antibodies to the phagocytic vesicles.
	d.	coat the bacteria in lipids derived from the Golgi complex, which cover and smother them.
	e.	mix the pathogens with strong hydrolytic enzymes and destroy them.

During prophase I of meiosis, homologous chromosomes lie side by side. This phenomenon is known as:

	a.	tetrad formation.
	b.	paternal pairing.
	c.	chromatid pairing.
	d.	parental pairing.
	e.	DNA replication.

Eukaryotic chromosomes are composed of:

	a.	karyotypes.
	b.	circular chromatin.
	c.	proteins only.
	d.	DNA only.
	e.	chromatin.

Evidence that all living cells have a common origin is best illustrated by the:

	a.	basic similarities in cell structure and chemistry.
	b.	fact that all new cells come from previously existing cells.
	c.	idea that cells are the smallest units that can carry out all life activities.
	d.	fact that cells are the building blocks of the most complex plants.
	e.	cell theory, which states that the cell is the basic unit of life.

Fragile X syndrome:

	a.	results from a deletion of CGG sequences in the fragile X gene.
	b.	is due to genomic imprinting..
	c.	results in learning, attention, and hyperactivity disabilities in males.
	d.	is not inherited from the parents.
	e.	is characterized by a fragile site at the tip of the Y chromosome

Gene therapy involves:

	a.	replacing a mutant allele in certain body cells with a normal allele.
	b.	improving gene expression in key body cells.
	c.	repairing mutant alleles in certain body cells.
	d.	replacing poor copies of alleles with normal alleles.
	e.	replacing all mutant alleles in body cells.

Hemophilia A is an example of a(n) _____ disease and is characterized by a lack of blood-clotting factor ____.

	a.	autosomal recessive; VIII
	b.	sex-linked dominant; V
	c.	X-linked; VIII
	d.	autosomal dominant; VIII
	e.	sex-linked recessive; V

Homologous chromosomes undergo synapsis during:

	a.	telophase II.
	b.	anaphase I.
	c.	prophase I.
	d.	prophase II.
	e.	anaphase II.

How are hormones produced by endocrine glands typically transported to target cells?

	a.	through the air
	b.	in interstitial fluid
	c.	in the blood
	d.	via direct contact
	e.	across a synapse

How can we identify a particular element?

	a.	By its number of protons
	b.	By its shape of valence shells
	c.	By its number of neutrons
	d.	By its number of electrons
	e.	By its amount of energy levels

If you observe a cell that contains organelles, then that cell is most likely a(n) prokaryote.
__________________

True

False

A brown-eyed couple already has a child with blue eyes. What is the probability that their next child will have blue eyes, assuming that the brown eye allele is dominant and the blue eye allele is recessive?

	a.	0
	b.	1/4
	c.	1/2
	d.	3/4
	e.	1

How does a prokaryotic cell differ from a eukaryotic cell?

	a.	A prokaryotic cell has DNA.
	b.	A prokaryotic cell contains organelles.
	c.	A prokaryotic cell has no membrane-enclosed organelles.
	d.	A prokaryotic cell has a nucleus.
	e.	A prokaryotic cell has a plasma membrane.

As you climb a flight of stairs, what type of energy are your legs in motion using?

	a.	kinetic energy
	b.	thermal energy
	c.	chemical energy
	d.	potential energy
	e.	electrical energy

A hypothesis can best be described as a(n):

	a.	stepwise problem-solving approach
	b.	conclusion
	c.	observation
	d.	data point
	e.	tentative explanation

Explain the importance of information transfer in living systems. Include three specific examples.

Consider the following two chemical equations:

A.	glucose + fructose → sucrose + H₂O, ΔG = +27kJ/mole (or +6.5 kcal/mole)
B.	glucose + fructose + ATP → sucrose + ADP + P_i, ΔG = −5kJ/mole (or −1.2 kcal/mole)

The free energy change difference between the chemical equations (A) and (B) above is accomplished by:

	a.	a decrease in activation energy.
	b.	combining an endergonic and an exergonic reaction.
	c.	measuring the reaction rate.
	d.	combining two exergonic reactions.
	e.	combining two endergonic reactions.

____ refers to multiple independent pairs of genes having similar and additive effects on the same characteristic.

	a.	Epistasis
	b.	Polygenic inheritance
	c.	Additive dominance
	d.	Codominance
	e.	Complete dominance

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