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Freud and Jung: Compare and Contrast

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Psychoanalysis. (2018)

Theeffort to clarify the bewildering number of interrelated observationsuncovered by psychoanalytic exploration led to the development of amodel of the structure of the psychic system. Three functional systemsare distinguished that are conveniently designated as the Id, Ego, and Superego,.

Thefirst system refers to the sexual and aggressive tendencies that arisefrom the body, as distinguished from the mind. Freud called thesetendencies Triebe, which literally means “drives,” but whichis often inaccurately translated as “instincts” to indicate their innatecharacter. These inherent drives claim immediate satisfaction, which isexperienced as pleasurable; the id thus is dominated by the pleasureprinciple. In his later writings, Freud tended more toward psychologicalrather than biological conceptualization of the drives.

Howthe conditions for satisfaction are to be brought about is the task ofthe second system, the ego, which is the domain of such functions asperception, thinking, and motor control that can accurately assessenvironmental conditions. In order to fulfill its function ofadaptation, or reality testing, the ego must be capable of enforcing thepostponement of satisfaction of the instinctual impulses originating inthe id. To defend itself against unacceptable impulses, the egodevelops specific psychic means, known as defense mechanisms. Theseinclude repression, the exclusion of impulses from conscious awareness;projection, the process of ascribing to others one’s own unacknowledgeddesires; and reaction formation, the establishment of a pattern ofbehavior directly opposed to a strong unconscious need. Such defensemechanisms are put into operation whenever anxiety signals a danger thatthe original unacceptable impulses may reemerge.

Anid impulse becomes unacceptable, not only as a result of a temporaryneed for postponing its satisfaction until suitable reality conditionscan be found, but more often because of a prohibition imposed on theindividual by others, originally the parents. The totality of thesedemands and prohibitions constitutes the major content of the thirdsystem, the superego, the function of which is to control the ego inaccordance with the internalized standards of parental figures. If thedemands of the superego are not fulfilled, the person may feel shame orguilt. Because the superego, in Freudian theory, originates in thestruggle to overcome the Oedipal conflict, it has a power akin to aninstinctual drive, is in part unconscious, and can give rise to feelingsof guilt not justified by any conscious transgression. The ego, havingto mediate among the demands of the id, the superego, and the outsideworld, may not be strong enough to reconcile these conflicting forces.The more the ego is impeded in its development because of being enmeshedin its earlier conflicts, called fixations or complexes, or the more itreverts to earlier satisfactions and archaic modes of functioning,known as regression, the greater is the likelihood of succumbing tothese pressures. Unable to function normally, it can maintain itslimited control and integrity only at the price of symptom formation, inwhich the tensions are expressed in neurotic symptoms.

Freud and Jung
The distinctions among conscious, personal unconscious and collective unconscious can be
illustrated with a story of the relationship between Freud and Jung. Carl Gustav Jung
(1875–1961), a Swiss psychiatrist who studied medicine at the University of Basel, earned
his MD degree with a dissertation entitled Pathology of So-called Occult Phenomenon
(Jung, 1970), which motivated him to investigate the world of mysticism from the
perspective of psychology. While working as a staff at Burghölzli Asylum, Jung studied
how different words may elicit emotional responses from his clients, which represented
subconscious “complexes” or associations with immoral or sexual affairs. He published
Studies in Word Association in 1906 and was attracted by works of Freud, who had
surprised the European intellectual community by publishing The Interpretation of
Dreams (Freud, 1899). Using the method of free association, Freudian analysts were
able to encourage their clients to verbally express their thoughts, fantasies and dreams
without any interference. The analyst then inferred the meaning of the unconscious
conflicts causing the symptoms, and interpreted them to the client in order to solve his/
her problems.
Jung sent a copy of his book to Freud and proposed that he would be able to verify
Freud’s theory with his research method. They met for the first time over a 13-h talk in
1907. They had worked closely since then. Jung was once believed to be the successor
of Freud. However, soon he found that he was unable to accept Freud’s stance of
interpreting a variety of complexes in terms of “psychosexuality.” For Freud, the main
contents of the unconscious were the repressed wishes and fears, which were the
origins of anxiety caused by clash of instincts. But Jung believed that conscious originated
from unconscious, which can be differentiated into two levels: the personal
unconscious at the surface level, characterized by one’s life experience that may contain
repressed desires, disguised attempts or forgotten traumas; while the collective unconscious
in the depth has been transcendentally endowed by heredity. It contains archetypes
or instincts which are human universal, but can be shaped by repeated
experiences of the species. Personal unconscious was once conscious, but collective
unconscious was never fully aware by one’s conscious. It has a cosmic breath and is
open to the world (Hopcke, 1989; Stein, 1998).